{"id":337653,"date":"2018-08-13T08:24:48","date_gmt":"2018-08-13T06:24:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/imagens-amargas-doenca-da-vesicula-biliar\/"},"modified":"2018-08-13T08:24:48","modified_gmt":"2018-08-13T06:24:48","slug":"imagens-amargas-doenca-da-vesicula-biliar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/imagens-amargas-doenca-da-vesicula-biliar\/","title":{"rendered":"Imagens amargas: Doen\u00e7a da ves\u00edcula biliar"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>&#8220;BitterSweet&#8221; foi o lema da 20\u00aa confer\u00eancia de forma\u00e7\u00e3o da KHM em 2018. Numa palestra principal, o Prof. Stephan Vavricka, MD, e Regula Capaul, MD, apresentaram cinco patologias da ves\u00edcula biliar com base em estudos de casos reais.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"SL_balloon_obj\" style=\"display: block;\">\n<div class=\"SL_ImTranslatorLogo\" id=\"SL_button\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/imtranslator-s.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%; display: none; opacity: 1; left: -8px; top: -25px;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_shadow_translation_result2\" style=\"display: none;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_shadow_translator\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<div id=\"SL_planshet\">\n<div id=\"SL_arrow_up\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/up.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_Bproviders\">\n<div class=\"SL_BL_LABLE_ON\" id=\"SL_P0\" title=\"Google\"><strong>G<\/strong><\/div>\n<div 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(ver)Chin\u00easDinamarqu\u00easAlem\u00e3oEsperantoEst\u00f3nioFinland\u00easFranc\u00easGalegoGregoGujaratiHaitiano (trad)D\u00e4nischDeutschEnglischEsperantoEstnischFinnischFranz\u00f6sischGalizischGeorgischGriechischGujaratiHaitianischHausaHebr\u00e4ischHindiHmongIgboIndonesischIrischIsl\u00e4ndischItalienischJapanischJavanesischJiddischKannadaKasachischKatalanischKhmerKoreanischKroatischLaoLateinishLettischLitauischMalabarischMalagasyMalaysischMaltesischMaoriMarathischMazedonischMongolischNepalesischNiederl\u00e4ndischNorwegischPersischPolnischPortugiesischPunjabiRum\u00e4nischRussischSchwedischSerbischSesothoSinghalesischSlowakischSlowenischSomaliSpanischSuaheliSundanesischTadschikischTagalogTamilTeluguThail\u00e4ndischTschechischT\u00fcrkischUkrainischUngarischUrduUzbekischVietnamesischWalisischWei\u00dfrussischYorubaZulu<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"SL_switch_b\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) 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(trad)D\u00e4nischDeutschEnglischEsperantoEstnischFinnischFranz\u00f6sischGalizischGeorgischGriechischGujaratiHaitianischHausaHebr\u00e4ischHindiHmongIgboIndonesischIrischIsl\u00e4ndischItalienischJapanischJavanesischJiddischKannadaKasachischKatalanischKhmerKoreanischKroatischLaoLateinishLettischLitauischMalabarischMalagasyMalaysischMaltesischMaoriMarathischMazedonischMongolischNepalesischNiederl\u00e4ndischNorwegischPersischPolnischPortugiesischPunjabiRum\u00e4nischRussischSchwedischSerbischSesothoSinghalesischSlowakischSlowenischSomaliSpanischSuaheliSundanesischTadschikischTagalogTamilTeluguThail\u00e4ndischTschechischT\u00fcrkischUkrainischUngarischUrduUzbekischVietnamesischWalisischWei\u00dfrussischYorubaZulu<\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"SL_TTS_voice\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/ttsvoice.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\" title=\"indefinido\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"SL_copy\" id=\"SL_copy\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/copy.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\" title=\"C\u00f3pia\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"SL_bbl_font_patch\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"SL_bbl_font\" id=\"SL_bbl_font\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/font.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\" title=\"Tamanho de letra\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"SL_bbl_help\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/bhelp.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\" title=\"Ajuda\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"SL_pin_off\" id=\"SL_pin\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/pin-on.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\" title=\"Tradutor de pregos pop-up\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_shadow_translation_result\" style=\"visibility: visible;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div class=\"SL_loading\" id=\"SL_loading\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/loading.gif\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_player2\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_alert100\"><strong><strong><strong>A fun\u00e7\u00e3o do som \u00e9 limitada a 200 caracteres<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_Balloon_options\" style=\"background: rgb(255, 255, 255) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/bg3.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\">\n<div id=\"SL_arrow_down\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/down.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<table id=\"SL_tbl_opt\" style=\"width:100%\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>&nbsp;<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"SL_BBL_IMG\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/bbl-logo.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\" title=\"Mostrar bot\u00e3o inTranslator 3 segundos\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td><strong><strong><strong><a class=\"SL_options\" href=\"\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/html\/options\/options.html?bbl\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Mostrar op\u00e7\u00f5es\" rel=\"noopener\">Op\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a>: <a class=\"SL_options\" href=\"\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/html\/options\/options.html?hist\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Hist\u00f3ria da tradu\u00e7\u00e3o\" rel=\"noopener\">Hist\u00f3rico<\/a>: <a class=\"SL_options\" href=\"\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/html\/options\/options.html?feed\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Feedback\" rel=\"noopener\">Feedback<\/a>: <a class=\"SL_options\" href=\"https:\/\/www.paypal.com\/cgi-bin\/webscr?cmd=_s-xclick&amp;hosted_button_id=GD9D8CPW8HFA2\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Contribua\" rel=\"noopener\">Doa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong><strong><strong>Fechar<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p>O primeiro caso foi o de um paciente que tinha sido diagnosticado com um <strong>p\u00f3lipo<\/strong> solit\u00e1rio <strong>da ves\u00edcula biliar<\/strong> em 2016. Inicialmente, tinha sido de 4 mm, mas agora tinha mais de 10 mm &#8211; com espessamento da parede que o acompanhava. A directriz S3 da DGSV recomenda a colecistectomia nestes casos (polipo \u22651 cm) [1]. Esta \u00e9 a barreira do som, sublinha o gastroenterologista Prof. Stephan Vavricka. Estudos mostram que a probabilidade de desenvolver carcinoma \u00e9 at\u00e9 50% maior para os p\u00f3lipos solit\u00e1rios \u22651 cm [2]. No entanto, os p\u00f3lipos da ves\u00edcula biliar s\u00e3o na sua maioria benignos, sendo 60% p\u00f3lipos de colesterol. Esta chamada &#8220;ves\u00edcula biliar de morango&#8221; difere do c\u00e1lculo biliar porque n\u00e3o forma uma sombra sonora e n\u00e3o muda de posi\u00e7\u00e3o&nbsp; quando rearranjada. A segunda forma mais comum de forma\u00e7\u00e3o benigna do p\u00f3lipo \u00e9 a adenomatose, que ocorre predominantemente nas mulheres e est\u00e1 frequentemente associada a c\u00e1lculos biliares. Ainda n\u00e3o \u00e9 claro at\u00e9 que ponto as adenomatose contribuem para desenvolvimentos malignos. Embora os adenomas sejam relativamente raros (4%), representam um perigo potencial, especialmente porque o carcinoma do adenoma \u00e9 a forma mais frequente de p\u00f3lipo maligno (80%)<strong> (Tab. 1) <\/strong>. Em princ\u00edpio, aplica-se o seguinte: Se o p\u00f3lipo for  &lt;1 cm, deve ser efectuado um controlo de seguimento ap\u00f3s seis meses em vez de uma colecistectomia e, se n\u00e3o houver crescimento, o controlo sonogr\u00e1fico deve ser efectuado anualmente durante cinco anos [1]. Se for maior, a remo\u00e7\u00e3o cir\u00fargica \u00e9 indicada, especialmente se uma parede biliar espessada e c\u00e1lculos biliares forem adicionados \u00e0 progress\u00e3o do tamanho. Devido \u00e0 baixa incid\u00eancia de mortalidade, a colecistectomia laparosc\u00f3pica pode ser recomendada aos pacientes sem qualquer problema [3]. Esta medida precoce com o tamanho cr\u00edtico do p\u00f3lipo impede o desenvolvimento do carcinoma da ves\u00edcula biliar, que tende a ocorrer raramente, mas pode ent\u00e3o tornar-se rapidamente letal devido ao diagn\u00f3stico tardio; os pacientes &gt;de 50 anos de idade s\u00e3o particularmente afectados, sendo a incid\u00eancia quatro vezes maior nas mulheres.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-10569\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab1_24.jpg\" style=\"height:341px; width:600px\" width=\"1100\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab1_24.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab1_24-800x455.jpg 800w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab1_24-120x68.jpg 120w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab1_24-90x51.jpg 90w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab1_24-320x182.jpg 320w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab1_24-560x319.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A <strong>colecistolit\u00edase <\/strong>(pedras na ves\u00edcula biliar) \u00e9 tamb\u00e9m 1,5-3 vezes mais comum nas mulheres do que nos homens, dependendo da idade. O risco aumenta com a idade [4]. Os sintomas biliares s\u00e3o dores c\u00f3licas no epig\u00e1strio ou abd\u00f3men superior direito persistentes durante mais de 15 minutos, que podem irradiar para o ombro direito, e n\u00e1useas. Uma vez que a TC e a RM falham c\u00e1lculos biliares em cerca de 20% dos casos, a sonografia \u00e9 o principal instrumento de diagn\u00f3stico gra\u00e7as a uma sensibilidade de &gt;95% [1]. No entanto, a colecistolit\u00edase tamb\u00e9m pode ser assintom\u00e1tica e diagnosticada por acaso. Sete estudos mostram que a colecistectomia n\u00e3o \u00e9 \u00fatil para a colecistectomia assintom\u00e1tica: 60-80% do total de 823 pacientes observados permaneceram assintom\u00e1ticos durante o per\u00edodo de estudo de 2-25 anos. A probabilidade de desenvolver sintomas biliares \u00e9 de 2-4% nos primeiros cinco anos ap\u00f3s o diagn\u00f3stico e diminui para cerca de 1-2% nos anos seguintes [1]. H\u00e1 tr\u00eas excep\u00e7\u00f5es a esta regra:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Na presen\u00e7a de uma ves\u00edcula biliar de porcelana (calcifica\u00e7\u00e3o da parede da ves\u00edcula biliar), a cirurgia deve ser realizada devido ao risco de desenvolvimento de carcinoma da ves\u00edcula biliar (risco at\u00e9 20%).<\/li>\n<li>Se os c\u00e1lculos biliares tiverem um tamanho de &gt;3 cm, a colecistectomia \u00e9 indicada, uma vez que pode desenvolver-se uma inflama\u00e7\u00e3o maligna. Nos homens, o risco de carcinoma da ves\u00edcula biliar \u00e9 nove a dez vezes maior. Se os p\u00f3lipos &gt;1 cm tamb\u00e9m estiverem presentes, a colecistectomia deve ser realizada independentemente dos sintomas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A colecistectomia de emerg\u00eancia \u00e9 indicada em casos de colecistite aguda: Existe o risco de perfura\u00e7\u00e3o e forma\u00e7\u00e3o de abcessos graves. Se o historial for atrasado por dias, a terapia prim\u00e1ria \u00e9 a administra\u00e7\u00e3o de antibi\u00f3ticos antes de a colecistectomia poder ser realizada posteriormente. No entanto, tais casos devem ser encaminhados para uma unidade de emerg\u00eancia cir\u00fargica para esclarecimento.<\/p>\n<p>As hepatopatias colest\u00e1ticas incluem a colangite biliar prim\u00e1ria (PBC), que afecta 80-90% dos homens, e a colangite esclerosante prim\u00e1ria (PSC), que \u00e9 uma doen\u00e7a de 60-80% das mulheres. A suspeita cl\u00ednica de <strong>colangite biliar prim\u00e1ria <\/strong>\u00e9 prurido, fadiga cr\u00f3nica, hepatomegalia, esteatorreia e xanthelasma. Os crit\u00e9rios de diagn\u00f3stico serol\u00f3gico s\u00e3o n\u00edveis de AP aumentados em mais de uma vez e meia a norma e n\u00edveis de AMA aumentados (AMA-M2 &gt;1:40). Uma poss\u00edvel biopsia hep\u00e1tica pode excluir comorbidades como a hepatite auto-imune e a esteato-hepatite n\u00e3o-alco\u00f3lica. Devido ao grande n\u00famero de poss\u00edveis doen\u00e7as associadas <strong>(Tab. 2) <\/strong>, o Prof. Vavricka recomenda a procura activa de outras comorbilidades, por exemplo, atrav\u00e9s da serologia de sprue ou da clarifica\u00e7\u00e3o de poss\u00edveis dores articulares.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10570 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab.jpg\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1100\/480;height:262px; width:600px\" width=\"1100\" height=\"480\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab-800x349.jpg 800w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab-120x52.jpg 120w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab-90x39.jpg 90w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab-320x140.jpg 320w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab-560x244.jpg 560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A<strong> colangite esclerosante prim\u00e1ria <\/strong>afecta predominantemente os pequenos canais biliares e manifesta-se frequentemente intra-hep\u00e1tica. Tamb\u00e9m aqui, os valores AP s\u00e3o claramente elevados (3\u00d7 ULN). T\u00edtulos elevados para ANCA tamb\u00e9m podem indicar a presen\u00e7a de PSC. No contexto do diagn\u00f3stico, a imagiologia \u00e9 a direc\u00e7\u00e3o de objectivos. O MRCP \u00e9 recomendado como a principal ferramenta de diagn\u00f3stico. O ERCP ainda \u00e9 considerado o padr\u00e3o-ouro, mas existe um risco de pancreatite p\u00f3s ERCP, raz\u00e3o pela qual o Prof. Vavricka apela \u00e0 prud\u00eancia com este procedimento de imagem. Outra op\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 a biopsia hep\u00e1tica, onde o PSC \u00e9 visto numa parede de pele de cebola dos canais biliares. Tal como o PBC, o PSC est\u00e1 frequentemente associado a outras doen\u00e7as. Em 80% dos casos, s\u00e3o encontradas comorbilidades com doen\u00e7as inflamat\u00f3rias cr\u00f3nicas do intestino. Por conseguinte, vale a pena realizar uma colonoscopia em pacientes com CPS. Assim, 87% dos doentes com CPS s\u00e3o tamb\u00e9m afectados por colite ulcerosa [5]. Estes pacientes devem ser examinados regularmente devido ao risco muito maior de tumores.<\/p>\n<p>O diagn\u00f3stico de <strong>coledocolit\u00edase<\/strong> (pedras dos canais biliares) varia em fun\u00e7\u00e3o do n\u00edvel de risco <strong>(Quadro 3)<\/strong>. Se os valores da fun\u00e7\u00e3o hep\u00e1tica e o tamanho do canal biliar forem normais, n\u00e3o \u00e9 necess\u00e1rio qualquer esclarecimento adicional. Existe um risco m\u00e9dio se o paciente j\u00e1 for mais velho e outras complica\u00e7\u00f5es tais como um canal biliar dilatado, aumento dos n\u00edveis de bilirrubina, colecistolit\u00edase, etc. Depois \u00e9 indicada uma an\u00e1lise mais aprofundada por ultra-som endosonogr\u00e1fico (EUS) ou MRCP. A ferramenta de diagn\u00f3stico de primeira linha \u00e9 a EUS. Se a suspeita de pedras biliares for confirmada, a ERCP \u00e9 executada. Tendo em conta os poss\u00edveis efeitos secund\u00e1rios, a ERCP s\u00f3 deve ser executada assim que o risco de pedras biliares for superior a 50% ou quando o risco de pedras biliares for inferior a 50%. suspeita-se de colangite.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10571 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab3_6.jpg\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1100\/369;height:201px; width:600px\" width=\"1100\" height=\"369\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab3_6.jpg 1100w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab3_6-800x268.jpg 800w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab3_6-120x40.jpg 120w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab3_6-90x30.jpg 90w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab3_6-320x107.jpg 320w, https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/tab3_6-560x188.jpg 560w\" data-sizes=\"(max-width: 1100px) 100vw, 1100px\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>A<strong> colangite,<\/strong> a inflama\u00e7\u00e3o da ves\u00edcula biliar e do canal biliar devido \u00e0 obstru\u00e7\u00e3o dos canais biliares, \u00e9 uma consequ\u00eancia temida da coledocolit\u00edase, uma vez que \u00e9 particularmente comum em doentes com doen\u00e7a cr\u00f3nica da ves\u00edcula biliar. rapidamente se torna em perigo de vida para os doentes idosos. Uma indica\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um forte aumento das transaminases. O diagn\u00f3stico \u00e9 dif\u00edcil em casos de obstru\u00e7\u00e3o intermitente devido \u00e0 &#8220;migra\u00e7\u00e3o&#8221; das pedras dos canais biliares.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10572 lazyload\" alt=\"\" data-src=\"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/exkurs.jpg\" style=\"--smush-placeholder-width: 1100px; --smush-placeholder-aspect-ratio: 1100\/720;height:720px; width:1100px\" width=\"1100\" height=\"720\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB3aWR0aD0iMSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxIiB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciPjwvc3ZnPg==\"><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>Fonte: 20\u00aa Confer\u00eancia de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Cont\u00ednua do Col\u00e9gio de Medicina Familiar (KHM), 21-22 de Junho de 2018, Lucerna<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Literatura:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lammert F, et al: S3-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten und der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Viszeralchirurgie zur Diagnostik und Behandlung von Gallensteinen. Z Gastroenterol 2007; 45: 971-1001.<\/li>\n<li>Cariati A, Piromalli E, Cetta F: Cancros da ves\u00edcula biliar: condi\u00e7\u00f5es associadas, tipos histol\u00f3gicos, progn\u00f3stico, e preven\u00e7\u00e3o. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 26: 562-569.<\/li>\n<li>W\u00f6lnerhanssen B, Peterli R: Gallstones &#8211; assintom\u00e1tico: colecistectomia! Swiss Med Forum 2005; 5: 753-754.<\/li>\n<li>Frey M, Criblez D: Cholecystolithiasis. Swiss Med Forum 2001; 32\/33: 805-806.<\/li>\n<li>Portincasa P, et al: Colangite esclerosante prim\u00e1ria: actualiza\u00e7\u00f5es em diagn\u00f3stico e terapia. Mundo J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 7-16.<\/li>\n<li>Laitio M: Histog\u00e9nese de neoplasias epiteliais da ves\u00edcula biliar humana II. Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o do carcinoma com base em caracter\u00edsticas morfol\u00f3gicas. Pathol Res Pract 1983; 178: 57-66.<\/li>\n<li>Weedon D: Patologia da ves\u00edcula biliar. Nova Iorque: Masson, 1984.<\/li>\n<li>Gershwin ME, et al: Factores de risco e comorbilidades na cirrose biliar prim\u00e1ria: Um estudo controlado baseado em entrevista de 1032 pacientes. Hepatologia 2005; 42: 1194-1202.<\/li>\n<li>Talwalkar JA, Lindor KD: Cirrose biliar prim\u00e1ria. Lancet 2003; 362: 53-61.<\/li>\n<li>Frossard JL, Spahr L: ERCP para Pancreatite Gallstone. N&nbsp;Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1954-1956.<\/li>\n<li>Pratt DS, Kaplan MM: Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o de enzimas hep\u00e1ticas anormais resulta em pacientes assintom\u00e1ticos. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1266-1271.<\/li>\n<li>Cho SR, Lim YA, Lee WG: Fosfatase alcalina anormalmente elevada devido \u00e0 isoenzima intestinal num adulto saud\u00e1vel. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005; 43: 1274-1275.<br \/>\n\t&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><em>HAUSARZT PRAXIS 2018; 13(8) &#8211; publicado em 7.7.18 (antes da impress\u00e3o).<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"SL_balloon_obj\" style=\"display: block;\">\n<div class=\"SL_ImTranslatorLogo\" id=\"SL_button\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/imtranslator-s.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%; display: none; opacity: 1;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_shadow_translation_result2\" style=\"display: none;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_shadow_translator\" style=\"display: none;\">\n<div id=\"SL_planshet\">\n<div id=\"SL_arrow_up\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/up.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div id=\"SL_Bproviders\">\n<div class=\"SL_BL_LABLE_ON\" id=\"SL_P0\" title=\"Google\">G<\/div>\n<div class=\"SL_BL_LABLE_ON\" id=\"SL_P1\" 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(trad)D\u00e4nischDeutschEnglischEsperantoEstnischFinnischFranz\u00f6sischGalizischGeorgischGriechischGujaratiHaitianischHausaHebr\u00e4ischHindiHmongIgboIndonesischIrischIsl\u00e4ndischItalienischJapanischJavanesischJiddischKannadaKasachischKatalanischKhmerKoreanischKroatischLaoLateinishLettischLitauischMalabarischMalagasyMalaysischMaltesischMaoriMarathischMazedonischMongolischNepalesischNiederl\u00e4ndischNorwegischPersischPolnischPortugiesischPunjabiRum\u00e4nischRussischSchwedischSerbischSesothoSinghalesischSlowakischSlowenischSomaliSpanischSuaheliSundanesischTadschikischTagalogTamilTeluguThail\u00e4ndischTschechischT\u00fcrkischUkrainischUngarischUrduUzbekischVietnamesischWalisischWei\u00dfrussischYorubaZulu<\/td>\n<td>\n<div id=\"SL_TTS_voice\" style=\"background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0) url(\"moz-extension:\/\/27c8b66b-4e69-a543-b12c-ee19d038addf\/content\/img\/util\/ttsvoice.png\") repeat scroll 0% 0%;\" title=\"indefinido\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<div class=\"SL_copy\" 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Numa palestra principal, o Prof. Stephan Vavricka, MD, e Regula Capaul, MD, apresentaram cinco patologias da ves\u00edcula&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":80844,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","cat_1_feature_home_top":false,"cat_2_editor_pick":false,"csco_eyebrow_text":"20\u00aa Confer\u00eancia de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o Cont\u00ednua do Col\u00e9gio de Medicina Familiar (KHM), Lucerna","footnotes":""},"category":[11407,11379,11529,11551],"tags":[32579,32578,32571,32572,32584,32580,32582,32574,32575,32577,32581,32576,32583,32573],"powerkit_post_featured":[],"class_list":["post-337653","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-gastroenterologia-e-hepatologia","category-oncologia-pt-pt","category-relatorios-do-congresso","category-rx-pt","tag-carcinoma-da-vesicula-biliar","tag-cholecystectomia","tag-cholecystolithiasis-pt-pt","tag-choledocholithiasis-pt-pt","tag-colangite-pt-pt","tag-colangite-biliar-primaria","tag-colangite-esclerosante-primaria","tag-condutas-biliares","tag-gallstones-pt-pt","tag-parametros-de-colestase","tag-pbc-pt-pt","tag-polipos-da-vesicula-biliar","tag-psc-pt-pt","tag-vesicula-biliar","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"publishpress_future_action":{"enabled":false,"date":"2026-06-13 16:38:09","action":"change-status","newStatus":"draft","terms":[],"taxonomy":"category","extraData":[]},"publishpress_future_workflow_manual_trigger":{"enabledWorkflows":[]},"wpml_current_locale":"pt_PT","wpml_translations":{"es_ES":{"locale":"es_ES","id":337654,"slug":"imagenes-amargas-enfermedad-de-la-vesicula-biliar","post_title":"Im\u00e1genes amargas: Enfermedad de la ves\u00edcula biliar","href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/es\/imagenes-amargas-enfermedad-de-la-vesicula-biliar\/"}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337653","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=337653"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/337653\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/80844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=337653"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/category?post=337653"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=337653"},{"taxonomy":"powerkit_post_featured","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/medizinonline.com\/pt-pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/powerkit_post_featured?post=337653"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}