Coronary artery spasm and atherosclerosis

Angina pectoris is traditionally regarded as the leading symptom of coronary sclerosis. Nevertheless, observations show that a relevant proportion of patients with typical angina symptoms have no hemodynamically significant stenoses on invasive coronary angiography (coro). This constellation, often referred to as INOCA (Ischemia and Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries) or ANOCA (Angina and Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries), can have various mechanisms – one of which is coronary artery spasm ( CAS).