Current State of Knowledge and New Therapeutic Approaches

Longitudinal multi-omics studies can help elucidate mechanisms and identify biomarkers that may predict disease recurrence or sustained remission. Conventional therapies are based primarily on antifungals, topical corticosteroids, and calcineurin inhibitors. However, new therapeutic approaches are being investigated, including PDE4 inhibitors (roflumilast, crisaborol, and apremilast), topical and oral JAK inhibitors, probiotics, and therapies targeting the microbiome. These agents show promising results in selected patients.