Precision medicine and phenotypes

In 2025, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is less than ever a single clinical picture – it is an umbrella over many phenotypes with different triggers, pathomechanisms and therapeutic responses. The good news is that precision medicine is turning this heterogeneity into an opportunity. New studies – from SUMMIT (tirzepatide) to modern SGLT2 analyses and AI-supported phenotyping – are shifting the focus from “one size fits all” to target groups such as obesity HFpEF, AF-associated HFpEF, reno-metabolic profiles or rare infiltrates.